Hyperalimentation associated hepatotoxicity in the newborn.

Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) has become a mainstay of modern neonatal care for the increasing population of premature infants who survive their initial pulmonary disease. As with other advances in neonatal therapy, hyperalimentation has associated complications and limitations, primary among them its toxicity to the liver. The basic pathologic lesion is bile cholestasis which is probably multifactorial in etiology. Amino acid solutions, excessive calorie-to-nitrogen ratios, and deficient trace elements and antioxidants have all been implicated in this process. Total parenteral nutrition-cholestasis can progress to portal fibrosis and irreversible cirrhosis if long-term hyperalimentation is required. Most at-risk for this iatrogenic condition are those premature infants less than 1500 g birth weight who are exposed to TPN for longer than two weeks. Enteral feedings providing as little as 10 percent of caloric intake are beneficial, and the prognosis for recovery is good once enteral feedings are established.